This article aims to examine the notion of pleasure as a telos of the happy life in Epicurus. Understood as the first good and inherent to the human being, pleasure is presented as the beginning and the ultimate end of a happy life. Indeed, it should be noted that it is not the pleasures of the common people that Epicurus considers as the telos of a happy life, but the pleasure that is the absence of suffering in body and soul, (...) which is named by Epicurus of katastematic pleasure or static/at rest pleasure. In this sense, two concerns guide the present work: i) that of presenting pleasure as a telos of a happy life; ii) to expose the strict meaning that the concept of pleasure assumes in Epicurean philosophy, paying attention to the distinction between pleasure in movement and pleasure at rest. The present study is based mainly on passages from the epistle to Meneceus, in some Main Maxims and Vatican Sentences, texts in which Epicurus exposes the foundations of his hedonism, as well as in the testimonies of later disciples, such as Tito Lucrécio Caro, Diogenes Laertius and Diogenes de Enoanda. (shrink)

Em discussões sobre justiça, diferentes perspectivas geralmente compartilham princípios morais, mas chegam a conclusões distintas sobre justiça, porque discordam sobre fatos. Argumento que o raciocínio motivado, a injustiça epistêmica e as ideologias de injustiça apoiam instituições injustas ao consolidarem representações distorcidas do mundo. Partindo de uma concepção naturalista de justiça como um tipo de contrato social, sugerirei algumas estratégias para descobrir o que a justiça demanda, neutralizando esses vieses. Sentimentos morais oferecem recursos essenciais para esse fim.

What can we learn from reading Levinas alongside postcolonial theories of difference? With that question in view, Drabinski undertakes readings of Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, Edouard Glissant, and Subcommandante Marcos in order to rethink ideas of difference, language, subjectivity, ethics, and politics. Through these philosophical readings, he gives a new perspective on the work of these important postcolonial theorists and helps make Levinas relevant to other disciplines concerned with postcolonialism and ethics.

Pretendo mostrar como o tema da biopolítica pode se articular com o tema do niilismo. Para isso, concentrarei a atenção em expor esquematicamente alguns dos principais argumentos de Roberto Esposito que autorizam aquela articulação. Assim, primeiramente, considerarei os elementos constitutivos da comunidade que podem ser interpretados como niilistas. Tendo esse dado como ponto de partida, procurarei mostrar de que modo o paradigma imunitário, longe de resolver a deriva niilista que assombra a comunidade, acaba por acirrá-lo; o que leva a articulação (...) com a questão da biopolítica que, paradoxalmente, sendo uma política da vida se desvirtua numa política de morte e aniquilação do sujeito. Por fim, tomando a questão de uma política da negação, implicada na deriva tanatopolítica, apresento como Esposito crê poder solucionar esse perigo, isto é, por uma assunção da potência afirmativa da negação. (shrink)

Viaje accidentado: vanguardia y velocidad -- Elementos naturales: arquitectura, jardín, modernidad -- La naturaleza insurgente -- El giro ambiental: del marco al medio -- Después de la naturaleza: memorias, derivas, transmutaciones.

Great progress to digitize the world’s available Biodiversity and Biogeography data have been made recently, but managing data from many different providers and research domains still remains a challenge. A review of the current landscape of metadata standards and ontologies in Biodiversity sciences suggests that existing standards, such as the Darwin Core terminology, are inadequate for describing Biodiversity data in a semantically meaningful and computationally useful way. As a contribution to fill this gap, we present an ontology-based system, called BiGe-Onto, (...) designed to manage data together from Biodiversity and Biogeography. As data sources, we use two internationally recognized repositories: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). BiGe-Onto system is composed of (i) BiGe-Onto Architecture (ii) a conceptual model called BiGe-Onto specified in OntoUML, (iii) an operational version of BiGe-Onto encoded in OWL 2, and (iv) an integrated dataset for its exploitation through a SPARQL endpoint. We will show use cases that allow researchers to answer questions that manage information from both domains. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene por objeto profundizar en la significación de las concepciones de conocimiento, verdad y ciencia en el pensamiento de Miguel de Unamuno. En primera instancia, navegaremos en aquello que él entiende por conocimiento y verdad, para después adentrarnos en la significación de lo que es ciencia, de lo que debería ser y el modo en el que se debería presentar en las instituciones educativas. Veremos que cultivar el amor al saber y a la verdad es crucial para (...) consolidar una ciencia viva, cordial y espiritual, alejada del cientificismo, de la idolatría de la ciencia. (shrink)

The purpose of this essay is to present the critique of Hegelian universalism carried out by Franz Fanon’s concept of the zone of non-being, by Enrique Dussel’s zone of the exteriority and by Paulo Freire’s pedagogy of the oppressed. The reading of the Hegelian dialectic operated by the three thinkers helps to understand the substratum of thought that guided the European conception of freedom inscribed in the field of political practice, locating it in time and space. In addition, his proposals (...) for “decolonization of dialectics” renew the imagination and philosophical-political praxis of countries subordinated by the context of power relations in the modern/colonial world, in search of other symbolic-epistemic references necessary for the social transformation of the reality of inequalities of the Latin American continent. The gesture of the three thinkers opens the philosophical text or, more specifically, Hegelian thought, to an infinite, non-totalizable dialogue, to a critique of the metaphysical and/or ontological closure of knowledge, its universalization. (shrink)

Resenha do livro de: SILVA, Jairo José da. Filosofias da matemática . Sáo Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2007.

Scientific research in the formal sciences comes in multiple degrees of formality: fully formal work; rigorous proofs that practitioners know to be formalizable in principle; and informal work like rough proof sketches and considerations about the advantages and disadvantages of various formal systems. This informal work includes informal and semi-formal debates between formal scientists, e.g. about the acceptability of foundational principles and proposed axiomatizations. In this paper, we propose to use the methodology of structured argumentation theory to produce a formal (...) model of such informal and semi-formal debates in the formal sciences. For this purpose, we propose ASPIC-END, an adaptation of the structured argumentation framework ASPIC+ which can incorporate natural deduction style arguments and explanations. We illustrate the applicability of the framework to debates in the formal sciences by presenting a simple model of some arguments about proposed solutions to the Liar paradox, and by discussing a more extensive—but still preliminary—model of parts of the debate that mathematicians had about the Axiom of Choice in the early twentieth century. (shrink)

This paper discusses how to define logics as deductive limits of sequences of other logics. The case of da Costa's hierarchy of increasingly weaker paraconsistent calculi, known as $ \mathcal {C}$n, 1 $ \leq$ n $ \leq$ $ \omega$, is carefully studied. The calculus $ \mathcal {C}$$\scriptstyle \omega$, in particular, constitutes no more than a lower deductive bound to this hierarchy and differs considerably from its companions. A long standing problem in the literature (open for more than 35 years) is (...) to define the deductive limit to this hierarchy, that is, its greatest lower deductive bound. The calculus $ \mathcal {C}$min, stronger than $ \mathcal {C}$$\scriptstyle \omega$, is first presented as a step toward this limit. As an alternative to the bivaluation semantics of $ \mathcal {C}$min presented thereupon, possible-translations semantics are then introduced and suggested as the standard technique both to give this calculus a more reasonable semantics and to derive some interesting properties about it. Possible-translations semantics are then used to provide both a semantics and a decision procedure for $ \mathcal {C}$Lim, the real deductive limit of da Costa's hierarchy. Possible-translations semantics also make it possible to characterize a precise sense of duality: as an example, $ \mathcal {D}$min is proposed as the dual to $ \mathcal {C}$min. (shrink)

Unlike with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in clinical research, little has been said about the ethical principles that should regulate the use of RCTs in experimental development economics. One well-known principle in clinical research ethics is the principle of clinical equipoise. Some recent commentators suggest that an analogue of clinical equipoise should play a role in experimental development economics. In this article, I first highlight some difficulties with importing the concept to experimental development economics. I then argue that MacKay’s (2018, (...) 2020) notion of policy equipoise avoids these difficulties and has a role to play in experimental development economics. (shrink)

En este artículo se exponen algunos de los principales problemas éticos relacionados con la inteligencia artificial (IA). Estas herramientas de IA se han ido implantando en infinidad de áreas, como el ámbito laboral, médico, judicial o administrativo. Si bien estas tecnologías prometen mejorar nuestras prácticas y hacerlas más eficientes, problemas éticos como los sesgos, la discriminación o la vulneración de la privacidad resultan preocupantes. Tras una exposición inicial sobre estos problemas éticos de la IA, se hace una llamada de atención (...) a la necesidad de incorporar las reflexiones de la ética del cuidado a la ética de la inteligencia artificial. (shrink)

Este artigo, de caráter ensaístico, não se furta a pensar o fenômeno de maior proeminência no momento em que fora escrito, a pandemia desencadeada pelo Covid-19. Partindo literalmente da premissa foucaultiana, segundo a qual a filosofia deve ter como alvo o tempo presente, e abalizado por reflexões recentes de filósofos contemporâneos influenciados por Foucault, como Paul B. Preciado e Roberto Esposito, defendo a hipótese de que o vírus carrega em si, como um espelho, tudo o que ainda não conseguimos deixar (...) de ser. Com efeito, a abordagem aqui adotada lança mão da estratégia, já recorrente na filosofia contemporânea, de ampliar a noção de “vírus” como metáfora pertinente para os mais diversos fenômenos societários. Após introduzir o que está em jogo neste contingente virótico e global, decomponho a reflexão em quatro partes: enquadramento – de uma atmosfera previamente carregada de certos hábitos de exceção e anticorpos fronteiriços; estranhamento – como princípio da imunização e da redistribuição da vulnerabilidade; confinamento – como disciplina assimétrica de sobrevivência e autossacrifício; desaparecimento – como horizonte ontológico de uma existência inerte que nos espelha. O que me interessa aqui é, mais do que delinear uma interpretação filosófica da pandemia, indiciar a lógica insuspeita e virulenta que há décadas nos cerceia enquanto corpos e anticorpos descartáveis. Concluo, à guisa do diagnóstico de Paul B. Preciado, segundo o qual o vírus atua “à nossa imagem e semelhança”, que o fenômeno pandêmico implica o recrudescimento do paradoxo neoliberal segundo o qual, para “sobrevivermos”, devemos sacrificar a nós mesmos. (shrink)

Fundado na Ásia, no seculo III, por Mani, o maniqueismo se constituia, do ponto de vista doutrinal, numa gnose que misturava principios das seitas/religioes orientais, especialmente do Zoroastrismo e do Budismo, da Filosofia Grego-Romana e do Cristianismo. Sua tese fundamental consistia na afirmacao de dois principios ontol6gicos do mundo: o bem ou a Luz, representado no sol, e o Mal ou as Trevas, personificado na materia. Desse dualismo ontológico nascia uma cosmologia/soteriologia que apresentava a história da salvaçáo do mundo em (...) três tempos: o primeiro, inicial, engloba as origens cósmicas dos dois principios e seus primeiros afrontamentos. O segundo, medio, eo tempo da mistura entre os dois Reinos, que se caracteriza pela queda de uma parte da Luz na materia, bern como, e 0 tempo da criacao dos seres no universo. Enfim, o terceiro, final, marca a libertacao de todas as particulas da Luz imbricadas na materia, com o retorno da Luz ao reino do Pai e a queda definitiva da materia no inferno. (shrink)

This article aims to expose and comment on the theory of meaning presented by Heidegger in his "habilitation dissertation” on the Grammatica Speculativa in that time attributed to Duns Scotus. Heidegger, in his interpretation, interweaves elements of the theory of meaning present in Husserl and Duns Scotus. The doctrine of modes of meaning, of understanding and of being, of the Grammatica Speculativa, is read since an intentional phenomenological analysis. This article tries to expose this interlacement, point out the correspondences between (...) the Husserl’s theory of meaning and the doctrine of the modes of meaning, of understanding and of being, in the Grammatica Speculativa. (shrink)

Bien que la vérité pour Spinoza soit "norma sui", le sens et la portée de sa célèbre thèse ne sont pas évidents et suscitent des lectures divergentes. Contre les interprètes qui attribuent à Spinoza une théorie de la vérité comme correspondance et ceux qui lui accordent une théorie de la vérité comme cohérence, l'examen de l'articulation interne de son système montre que son originalité consiste à nier cette opposition et à soutenir un lien indissoluble entre les deux aspects de l'idée (...) vraie : l'adaequatio et la convenientia. À la lumière de cette position, l'ouvrage montre que le rationalisme absolu de Spinoza, loin d'être le modèle de philosophie dogmatique qui efface le problème de la certitude, affronte ce problème et en offre une solution."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

This article aims to problematize, through the theoretical contributions of the post-colonial studies, the catholic church’s colonization project towards the Amapaense Amazon’s popular catholicism - such as the Myth of Cobra Grande - constituted as a project evolved around eurocentric and judeo-christian assumptions to the detriment of afro-amerindian cultural, identity and religious expressions, of catholic communities in the urban and rural areas of the brazilian Amazon. The amazonian population develops strategies of resistance and re-existence in order to maintain their religious (...) traditions around festa dos santos, pilgrimages, festivities, rosaries, quermesses, and other activities as forms of origins establishment or origins return for the foundation of a narrative identity.. (shrink)

Pretende-se, nesse texto, argumentar sobre a centralidade da justiça na teoria moral de Santo Anselmo. Para tanto, adota-se a seguinte estrutura: em primeiro lugar, falar-se-á da teoria moral de Anselmo e da centralidade da sua teoria da justiça em seu interior; em segundo lugar, dar-se-á tratamento à questão da justiça nos escritos do Monologium e do Proslogium, nos quais fala-se da justiça como atributo de Deus; num terceiro momento, abordar-se-á a questão da justiça, tal como é desenvolvida no De Veritate, (...) no qual a justiça em questão diz respeito ao ser humano e, em última instância, à Deus, suma justiça ; por fim, em quarto lugar, desenvolver-se-á uma reflexão na qual serão cotejados aspectos da justiça relacionados à dimensão prática da moralidade humana, de tal forma que a ação justa deve ser realizada em vista da própria retidão, isto é, a consciência da retidão para que seja moralmente correta e justa. (shrink)

Ex 5,22-6.1 presents Moses appealing to the Lord and God's answer to the prophet. Moses' prayer is configured as a cry of despair stemming from a bewilderment of his vocation as a promoter of liberty, subdued by human conditions. The prophet of failure is paradoxical, since it reveals both as a personal and divine failure. For these reasons, Moses has faith put to the test. His reaction shown by a fiery prayer and full of fervor. God responds with the renewal (...) of the promise of liberation. (shrink)

The purpose of this descriptive and exploratory study was to measure the perceptions regarding a variety of science, technology, and society (STS) topics among a sample of Uruguay underclassmen college students. These perceptions were compared with the viewpoints of a group of professional scientists. It was found that, for some STS topics, such as the role of humans in global climate change, the perceptions of Uruguay underclassmen and scientists were statistically identical. For topics, such as the problem of human overpopulation, (...) both groups find themselves on the same side of the issue but with a statistically significant gap between them. Uruguay underclassmen and professional scientists have opposite views on STS topics such as the use of animals for scientific research. A sizable proportion of Uruguay underclassmen were not familiar with several STS topics, such as the scientific work of the International Space Station. Implications for formal and informal STEM education efforts are discussed. (shrink)

An overcomplete logic is a logic that ‘ceases to make the difference’: According to such a logic, all inferences hold independently of the nature of the statements involved. A negation-inconsistent logic is a logic having at least one model that satisfies both some statement and its negation. A negation-incomplete logic has at least one model according to which neither some statement nor its negation are satisfied. Paraconsistent logics are negation-inconsistent yet non-overcomplete; paracomplete logics are negation-incomplete yet non-overcomplete. A paranormal logic (...) is simply a logic that is both paraconsistent and paracomplete. -/- Despite being perfectly consistent and complete with respect to classical negation, nearly every normal modal logic, in its ordinary language and interpretation, admits to some latent paranormality: It is paracomplete with respect to a negation defined as an impossibility operator, and paraconsistent with respect to a negation defined as non-necessity. In fact, as it will be shown here, even in languages without a primitive classical negation, normal modal logics can often be alternatively characterized directly by way of their paranormal negations and related operators. So, instead of talking about ‘necessity’, ‘possibility’, and so on, modal logics could be seen just as devices tailored for the study of (modal) negation. This paper shows how and to what extent this alternative characterization of modal logics can be realized. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as principais ideias do filósofo político italiano Roberto Esposito, mostrando como ele relê a biopolítica moderna a partir das categorias conceituais de “comunidade” e “sistema imunitário”. Procuraremos demonstrar como Esposito concebe cada um desses conceitos e como os articula de modo a demonstrar os traços totalitários que podem apresentar, identificando uma aparente limitação de sua abordagem para, em seguida, esboçar uma possível resposta de Esposito, na medida em que retoma a urgência de se pensar (...) outro conceito de comunidade. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 O presente artigo analisa a passagem da hermenêutica metodológica à experiência hermenêutica como crítica e fundamento do saber filosófico. Inicialmente, apresenta a crítica da hermenêutica à absolutizaçáo da lógica matemática como estrutura da pesquisa e produçáo de sentido na filosofia. A lógica matemática sedimenta a dinâmica da vida do homem por náo estar aberta às contingências da existência, porém a vida do homem náo se compreende sob a forma da lógica matemática. Posteriormente, demonstra (...) que compreender a dinâmica da vida do sujeito pressupõe uma hermenêutica filosófica, que interprete o verdadeiro sentido do humano. Essa compreensáo hermenêutico-filosófica se estabelece mediante uma inter-relaçáo entre o sujeito e o algo a ser interpretado. Por fim, defende que a condiçáo de possibilidade dessa inter-relaçáo é a experiência hermenêutica, o que implica uma abertura ao que esse algo tem a dizer ao sujeito, tornando-se, assim, o ponto de partida da compreensáo e fundamentaçáo do saber crítico-reflexivo. (shrink)

The pessimistic tone employed by Rousseau in his Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, as well as in his Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, draws the attention of the most careless reader. Indeed, when we observe the tone he adopts in these texts, it is no wonder that he dedicated a substantial part of his work to present what could be seen as a handful of attempts to solve the problems he first addressed in the texts presented to the (...) Academy of Dijon. On the other hand, the movements we observe on both Discourses seem to leave no doubt that Rousseau considered the decadence he observed in the society of his time as the inevitable result of a process which, once set in motion, would allow no escape. That would suffice to turn works such as The Social Contract into little more than tools to diagnose the woes that befall a society. The tension between these two points of view, one concerning the desperate perception of our decadence and the other seeming to be the one of an author that aims at promoting change, shall be the guideline of this paper. (shrink)

Este estudo delineia coordenadas conceituais para a investigação do discurso e da visualidade em arte e design a partir do ferramental de Michel Foucault. Não é o caso de propor um “modo de usar” a obra desse filósofo e sim uma leitura possível sobre tal arsenal, com vistas a um horizonte que o excede. Após assinalar o caráter dinâmico e correlacional dessa proposição, as coordenadas são ordenadas em: (1) relações de poder, (2) regimes de verdade, (3) discurso e visualidade, por (...) fim, (4) arte e design. Ao final, argumenta-se que a análise das correlações discursivo-visuais permite vislumbrar como as práticas contemporâneas estão sempre enredadas em valores, condutas e modos de olhar. O artigo sugere ainda que a arte e o design poderiam se beneficiar da leitura ora proposta, que abre um novo horizonte interpretativo em torno da contínua (re)elaboração de nossas experiências e subjetividades. (shrink)

O presente texto apresenta a proposta de pensar, com Heidegger, a proveniência histórica da técnica moderna a partir do pensamento históricoontológico, ou seja, do pensamento que medita a história do ser. Neste esforço, a meditação remonta às origens gregas desta história, propondo-se compreender o que o sentido essencial da téchne entre os gregos. Depois, expõe a intermediação exercida pela interpretação romana da verdade e do ser como “actualitas”. Em seguida, apresenta a transformação da ontologia da “actualitas” na moderna metafísica da (...) funcionalidade, que efetiva a correspondência de subjetividade e objetividade. Por fim, pergunta pelo fim desta metafísica no predomínio da técnica atual. (shrink)

Introduction: thinking about globalization -- Systemic thinking: Immanuel Wallerstein -- Conceptual thinking: Anthony Giddens -- Sociological thinking: Manuel Castells -- Transformational thinking: David Held and Anthony McGrew -- Sceptical thinking: Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson -- Spatial thinking: Peter Dicken and Saskia Sassen -- Positive thinking: Thomas Friedman and Martin Wolf -- Reformist thinking: Joseph Stiglitz -- Radical thinking: Naomi Klein, George Monbiot and Subcommandante Marcos -- Revolutinary thinking: Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri -- Cultural thinking: Arjun Appadurai (...) -- Conclusion: rethinking globalization again. (shrink)

Genetic engineering has been a topic of discussion for over 50 years, but it is only recently that gene editing has become a reality. CRISPR biotechnologies have made gene editing much safer, precise and feasible. We have witnessed the first cases of human germline genetic modification resulting in live births, conducted by He Jiankui. In this paper, we will analyse He Jiankui’s case in relation to one of the most difficult problems in procreative ethics (or the ethics of future generations): (...) the non‐identity problem. We believe that this analysis will help us to understand the ethics involved in gene editing and hopefully allow for a better, more philosophically grounded legislation on CRISPR and other gene‐editing technologies. (shrink)

El presente artículo realiza un recorrido a las complejas y cambiantes concepciones de Ortega y Gasset sobre teoría y práctica. Tras unos primeros años en los que la teoría aparece en una posición preponderante respecto de la práctica, en un segundo momento, a partir de la madurez orteguiana de los años 30 —y en especial después de su detenido tratamiento del problema de la técnica— la dimensión práctica pasará a ocupar este primer lugar. Defenderemos que la propuesta de Ortega de (...) entender la realidad radical como quehacer supone un intento de superación de este problema. (shrink)